This repudiates the claims of some authors that the British maps of 1856 and before showed Lumpiyadhura as the origin of Kali River. The issue has, however, been a tool for exploiting the Nepalese nationalistic fervour by the monarchy and all political parties.Maj Gen M Vinaya Chandran (Retd) has been a faculty member in National Defence College and is currently a PhD Research Scholar at Madras University. In 1975, the Government of Nepal published a map showing the same Lipu Khola as the boundary, which the Terming what Nepal Government did as incompetence and what the British Colonial power did as sinister, is not logical. According to international law, technically correct boundaries, however, could only be mapped when the survey and cartographic techniques were adequately advanced to facilitate its demarcation.In 1815 AD, the Court of Directors in London appointed Colin Mackenzie as the first Surveyor General of India, and in 1818 AD appointed Lambton as Superintendent of the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India.By 1856 AD the party had only fixed the positions and heights of 36 snow-covered peaks. India has rejected the map, saying it is not based on historical facts or evidence as ties strain between neighbours.The upper house of Nepal's Parliament has approved a new map for the country, including land controlled by India, in a row that has strained ties between the South Asian neighbours.India, which controls the region - a slice of land including Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh and Kalapani areas in the northwest - has rejected the map, saying it is not based on historical facts or evidence.Members in the 59-seat National Assembly, or upper house, voted 57-0 on Thursday in favour of a constitutional amendment bill seeking to replace the old map, chairman of the house Ganesh Prasad Timilsina said.The bill was passed by the parliament's lower house over the weekend. The treaty neither had a map attached to it nor does it specify the origin of Kali River as can be discerned from CU Aitchison's A few Nepali scholars like Mangal Siddhi Manandar and Hriday Lal Koirala refer to certain British Indian maps of 1816 and thereafter, showing Lumpiyadhura as the origin of Kali River, which is the basis for the new map being approved by the Nepal parliament. India has rejected the map, saying it is not based on historical facts or evidence as ties strain between neighbours. Nepal is going to publish a new map, purportedly as a first step towards regaining their territory usurped by India. Nepal on Wednesday published a new political map that includes a small stretch of disputed land, toughening its stance on a decades-long row over the territory with India which rejected the move. Nepal says the river that India considers as the border is a tributary of the main river mentioned in the 1816 treaty. They also say that the maps published by British India after 1850 resorted to cartographic manipulation with a sinister motive and changed the boundary to Lipu Khola. Nepal Parliament approves new map that includes land India claims. The Nepali government on Wednesday issued a new, controversial map of the country which shows Indian territories of Lipulekh, Kalapani, Limpiyadhura as its own. "We have enough facts and evidence and we'll sit [with India] to resolve the dispute through diplomatic negotiations," Law Minister Shiva Maya Tumbahamphe told Parliament.The new map requires President Bidhya Devi Bhandari's approval.The 80km (50-mile) road, inaugurated by Indian Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, cuts through the Lipulekh Himalayan pass, considered one of the shortest and most feasible trade routes between India and China.The road cuts the travel time and distance from India to Tibet's Mansarovar lake, considered holy by the Hindus.But Nepal says about 19km of the road passes through its area and fiercely contested the inauguration of the road, viewing the alleged incursion as a stark example of bullying by its much larger neighbour.Nepal, which was never under colonial rule, has long claimed the areas of Limpiyadhura, Kalapani and Lipulekh under the 1816 Sugauli treaty with the British East India Company, although these areas have remained under the control of Indian troops since India fought a war with China in 1962.Human rights activists protest near the Indian embassy in Kathmandu last month against India's newly inaugurated link road to the Chinese border [File: Prakash Mathema/AFP]